Normodyne is the brand name of Labetalol. It has medicinal importance and well known antihypertensive drug and is given to patients with severe hypertension conditions. It is the two-fold alpha and beta-adrenergic antagonism and has dissimilar physiological effects in acute conditions of high blood pressure. Various techniques were used to elaborate on the qualitative behavior of this drug. In the present work, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) is used to determine the qualitative characteristics of Labetalol. The Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) is used as a working and Calomel as a reference electrode with supporting electrolyte (0. 1M NaOH) at 30±, 1oC. In the case of GCE, a single anodic peak is observed which indicates that this drug showed an irreversible process with the transfer of one electron in the selected medium. In addition, different electrochemical parameters are also calculated including, Anodic peak current (Ipa), Anodic peak potential (Epa), half peak potential (Ep/2), differential peak potential Δ, Ep = (Epa –,Ep/2), transfer coefficient (α, ), diffusion coefficient (D), formal potential (Eo), heterogeneous rate constant (Ko), and Gibbs free energy (Δ, G). Furthermore, the adsorption process is also studied. For comparative study, computational methods are employed for finding HOMO-LUMO energies and vibrational frequencies of the Labetalol molecule. Both methods, electrochemical and computational are in good agreement and validate the irreversible oxidation of Labetalol. This study has not been reported before and it is useful for the pharmaceutical industry.

In the present study, Graphene oxide (GO) was deposited using inexpensive and environmentally-compatible methods on the nickel oxide foam. Then, GO thin films have been reduced by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry and Chronopotentiometry modes of electrodeposition. The effects of different modes on structural, surface morphological and supercapacitive properties of ERGO thin films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD). Formation of ERGO by all three modes is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. A Significant change in the surface morphologies of the ERGO thin film due to different modes has been observed. The supercapacitive properties of ERGO thin films have been studied in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The maximum supercapacitance obtained for potentiodynamic, potentiostatic, and galvanostatic modes is 1380, 1259, and 1995 F/g, respectively which is completely in agreement with the special level and impedance results. The results showed that the constant current method is the best way for the electrochemical reducing of graphene oxide. In this way, most functional groups have been reduced. In addition, a high density of the defects and wrinkling of the sheets is observed. Consequently, the method can replace chemical methods for the reducing of graphene oxide and eliminate the major weakness of chemical methods that use toxic substances.

Statement of Problem: The most important failure factor of root canal treatment is lack of proper seal of root canal, which leads to leakage and penetration of microorganism in to the canals. Different methods have been used to determine the apical seal. Purpose: This study was aimed at comparing the apical leakage using dye penetration and electrochemical methods successively used on the same teeth. Materials and Method: For this experimental study, 31 freshly extracted anterior single root human teeth with straight root canals were selected. The specimens were randomly divided into experimental, positive and negative control groups. Root canals of the experimental and negative group were filled, and positive group were left unfilled. The external surface of each tooth was coated with two layers of the nail polisher, except for the apical 2mm and coronal portion. Leakage of the teeth were measured using electrochemical me thud. Two copper wires were used as electrodes and normal saline solution was used as electrolyte. Then coronal portions of the roots were filled using ZOE cement and coated with two layers of the nail polisher. The teeth were immersed in 2% basic Fuchsine for 48 hours and were washed in tap water. The roots were then split longitudinally and dye penetration was assessed for each tooth. The data were analyzed using t-test and Pierson correlation coefficient test. Results: The obtained results in electrochemical methods varied from 3.1 to 54.7 Micro amper, while in dye penetration method the observed leakage was 2.5 to 6.8 mm. The coefficient correlation between the two methods was found to be 0.204 (r = 0.204, P £0.5). Conclusion: Since no correlation was found among the results obtained with the two methods, it is concluded that, for assessment of the marginal leakage of dental materials, various methods should be considered.

Modeling and determining the optimal conditions for the Jet Electrochemical Machining (Jet-ECM) process is critical. In this study, a hybrid approach combining numerical and Design of Experiments (DOE) methods have been applied to model and determine the optimal conditions for Jet-ECM. The voltage (V), inner tool diameter (I), initial machining gap (G), and electrolyte conductivity (C) are considered input variables. Additionally, dimensional accuracy (E) and machining depth (D) are response variables. Twenty-seven numerical simulations have been performed using the Box–Behnkendesign to implement the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Consequently, two mathematical models have been obtained for these response variables. The effects of the input variables on the response variables are investigated using statistical techniques such as variance analysis. Furthermore, the desirability function approach has been applied to determine the optimal conditions for dimensional accuracy and depth of machining. The results show that the optimal values for achieving maximum depth of machining while maintaining a dimensional accuracy of 0.05 mm are as follows:electrolyte conductivity of 8 S/m, voltage of 36.9 V, initial machining gap of 200 μm, and inner tool diameter of 0.4 mm.

Among metal nano powder, copper nano powder has a variety of application because of its special catalytic, electrical and thermal conductivity and optical properties. The convenient synthesis methods of this material with controlling particle size and crystal structure are chemical and electrochemical methods. In chemical method, the nano powders are synthesized via reduction of a salt of the metal catione. In the electrochemistry method, the metal nano powder is prepared on the cathode surface using an appropriate current density in the electrolyte. The literatures show that the effective synthesis parameters in the chemical methods are reductive material, stabilizer, temperature, kind of metal salt and solvent. These parameters in the electrochemical method are temperature, current density, kind of electrolyte and electrodes. In this work, a literature review is done on mechanism of these synthesis methods and specifications of operating conditions on the structure of nano powders.